Influence of physical factors on the growth of insect cells in vitro

Summary The tolerances of a cell line (IMC-HZ-1) from a moth,Heliothis zea, for the monovalent cations Na⁺ and K⁺ were defined. Cells shifted to media containing more than 70mm of K⁺ showed decreased growth rates. No evidence was obtained for Na⁺ toxicity. The osmotic pressure tolerances were influenced by the K⁺ concentration of the medium. The richer the medium was in K⁺, the narrower was the spectrum of osmotic pressure tolerance. Once the limit of K⁺ tolerance was exceeded, the rate of decline of growth was linear with respect to further increases in K⁺. This rate of decline was independent of osmotic pressure. The initial responses of cells during one subculture (2 to 4 population doublings) in media differing from the standard medium (used to maintain the cell line) were not reliable indicators of the growth potential of the cells. Continued subculture in such media resulted in an upward trend in population growth rates in most cases. This investigation was supported by U. S. Public Health Service Research Grant no. AI 09914 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. This is Paper no. 8637, Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. The material is part of the dissertation of T. J. K. presented for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Minnesota.     

Indices of water deficit in susceptible and resistant cucumbers in response to infection by cucumber mosaic virus

Indices of water deficit were determined under conditions of non-limited water supply in cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-infected seedlings of the susceptible cv. Bet Alpha. An increase in the concentration of soluble solids, decrease of water and osmotic potentials, and increase of proline concentration were found in the CMV-infected cotyledons. In the cv. Shimshon, which is resistant to CMV, virus infection caused only a slight change in the concentration of the soluble solids and in the osmotic potential; water potential and proline content were not affected. Concomitantly, infectivity of cotyledons by CMV was much lower in the tolerant cv. Shimshon than in the susceptible cv. Bet Alpha. The possible association of water deficit with virus-induced growth retardation is discussed.     

GROWTH AND ORGANIC OSMOLYTES OF GEOGRAPHICALLY DIFFERENT ISOLATES OF MICROCOLEUS CHTHONOPLASTES (CYANOBACTERIA) FROM BENTHIC MICROBIAL MATS:RESPONSE TO SALINITY CHANGE1

The comparative growth and osmotic acclimation often culture strains of the marine benthic cyanobacterium Microcoleus chthonoplastes Thuret isolated from microbial mats in Germany, Spain, Egypt, the United States, Mexico, Chile, and Australia were investigated in salinities ranging from freshwater to twice seawater. All isolates showed a broad growth versus salinity response consistent with the dominance of this species in intertidal and hypersaline microbial communities. Growth optima, salinity preferences, and maximum growth rates differed for each isolate and could be related to the habitat from which they were isolated. This is most obvious when comparing strains from brackish habitats with those from a hypersaline lake. While the former isolates exhibited sharply pronounced growth optima under hyposaline conditions, cultures from the hypersaline environment grew best in salinity more than double seawater. The major low-molecular weight organic compounds present in all M. chthonoplastes strains were the carbohydrates glycosylglycerol and trehalose. This was proven by using ¹³C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Glycosylglycerol was synthesized and accumulated with increasing salinities, indicating its role as an osmolyte. In contrast, trehalose was present in relatively high concentrations under hyposaline conditions only. Differences in the patterns of growth versus salinity, as well as in those of osmotic acclimation among the M. chthonoplastes isolates, point to the development of different physiological ecotypes within the species.     

甘草叶片渗透调节物质及蔗糖代谢相关酶对干旱胁迫的响应特性

该研究以甘草幼苗为试材,采用盆栽自然干旱方法,设计对照(CK)、轻度(LS)、中度(MS)、重度(SS)干旱胁迫处理,测定分析甘草叶片的渗透调节物质及蔗糖代谢相关酶[蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶合成方向(Ss+)、蔗糖合成酶分解方向(Ss-)、中性转化酶(NI)、酸性转化酶(AI)、淀粉磷酸化酶(SP)]活性的变化,以探讨甘草的渗透调节特性以及糖分调节的酶学机制,揭示甘草对干旱胁迫的响应机理。结果显示:(1)随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,甘草叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量呈逐渐增加的趋势,束缚水/自由水的比值呈先增加后降低的趋势。(2)随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,甘草叶片蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量均呈先升高后降低的趋势,但不同胁迫强度出现峰值的时间不同;其中在CK和LS干旱胁迫时蔗糖含量淀粉含量葡萄糖含量果糖含量,在MS和SS干旱胁迫时淀粉含量葡萄糖含量蔗糖含量果糖含量,表明随着干旱程度的增加,甘草叶片中蔗糖转化成了淀粉。(3)随着干旱胁迫程度的加重,甘草叶片的SPS活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,Ss活性和Inv(蔗糖转化酶)活性呈逐渐升高的趋势,SP活性呈逐渐降低的趋势;各胁迫处理的Ss+活性与CK差异不显著,而Ss-活性与CK差异显著,并且Ss-活性在各胁迫处理下远大于Ss+活性,表明甘草叶片Ss-活性在蔗糖代谢过程中占主导作用。(4)相关分析结果显示,在LS中,NI与蔗糖呈负相关关系,Ss-与淀粉呈显著正相关关系、与蔗糖呈负相关关系;在MS中,蔗糖和葡萄糖与SPS、Ss+、Ss-、NI和AI均呈正相关关系,与SP呈负相关关系;在SS中,SP和NI与蔗糖呈正相关关系,而与淀粉呈负相关关系;表明在轻度干旱处理下,Ss参加了蔗糖的分解,继而合成淀粉;在中度和重度干旱条件下,SP主要催化淀粉的分解来增加蔗糖含量以此平衡蔗糖代谢。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌抗真菌活性研究进展

解淀粉芽胞杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)具有很强的抑制植物病原真菌的能力。其菌体细胞能产生多种酶类、脂肽类抗生素、生物表面活性素、聚酮类化合物和抑菌蛋白,同时具有诱导植物产生系统抗性(ISR)的能力,因此在工农业、种植业、养殖业、食品加工业、果蔬的采后保鲜和饲料业等行业具有重要价值。本文对解淀粉芽胞杆菌抗真菌作用、抗真菌能力提高策略、抗菌化合物合成调节、抑制真菌机制及其引发的ISR等问题进行了深入探讨和综述。     

一株肠膜明串珠菌的分离鉴定及其抑菌特性

[背景] 水产病原细菌严重威胁水产动物健康且制约水产养殖业发展,细菌性鱼病的有效防治成为水产养殖领域亟待解决的问题。[目的] 筛选对水产病原细菌有抑制效果的菌株,并研究其抑菌特性及其在水产细菌病害防治中的实际效果。[方法] 通过16S rRNA基因测序、构建系统发育树和生理生化鉴定确定筛选菌株的进化地位,通过乙酸乙酯萃取获得抑菌物质粗提物,通过偶氮酪蛋白法检测菌株胞外蛋白酶活力,采用结晶紫染色法对菌株的生物膜形成能力进行测定,通过浸浴攻毒模型确定所筛菌株对维氏气单胞菌的防治作用。[结果] 从泡菜发酵物中筛选出一株乳酸菌DH,经16S rRNA基因测序、发育树分析和生理生化鉴定确定其为肠膜明串珠菌,该菌分泌的胞外抑菌物质对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌、杀鲑气单胞菌、希瓦氏菌和维氏气单胞菌表现出抑菌效果,其抑菌物质能被乙酸乙酯萃取并且具有热稳定性。菌株DH能够显著抑制待测菌株的蛋白酶产量和生物膜形成能力,并且对维氏气单胞菌浸浴攻毒有防治作用。[结论] 肠膜明串珠菌DH通过分泌抑菌物质抑制水产病原细菌的生长,能够为细菌性鱼病的防治提供一定的理论和应用潜力。